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自己动手写符合自己业务需求的eslint规则

阿里云云栖号 发布时间:2021-12-09 10:04:51 ,浏览量:4

简介:eslint是构建在AST Parser基础上的规则扫描器,缺省情况下使用espree作为AST解析器。rules写好对于AST事件的回调,linter处理源代码之后会根据相应的事件来回调rules中的处理函数。另外,在进入细节之前,请思考一下:eslint的边界在哪里?哪些功能是通过eslint写规则可以做到的,哪些是用eslint无法做到的?

image.png

作者 | 旭伦 来源 | 阿里技术公众号

使用eslint和stylelint之类的工具扫描前端代码现在已经基本成为前端同学的标配。但是,业务这么复杂,指望eslint等提供的工具完全解决业务中遇到的代码问题还是不太现实的。我们一线业务同学也要有自己的写规则的能力。

eslint是构建在AST Parser基础上的规则扫描器,缺省情况下使用espree作为AST解析器。rules写好对于AST事件的回调,linter处理源代码之后会根据相应的事件来回调rules中的处理函数。

image.png

另外,在进入细节之前,请思考一下:eslint的边界在哪里?哪些功能是通过eslint写规则可以做到的,哪些是用eslint无法做到的?

一 先学会如何写规则测试

兵马未动,测试先行。规则写出来,如何用实际代码进行测试呢?

所幸非常简单,直接写个json串把代码写进来就好了。

我们来看个no-console的例子,就是不允许代码中出现console.*语句的规则。

首先把规则和测试运行对象ruleTester引进来:

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Requirements
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const rule = require("../../../lib/rules/no-console"),
    { RuleTester } = require("../../../lib/rule-tester");

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const ruleTester = new RuleTester();

然后我们就直接调用ruleTester的run函数就好了。有效的样例放在valid下面,无效的样例放在invalid下面,是不是很简单。

我们先看下有效的:

ruleTester.run("no-console", rule, {
    valid: [
        "Console.info(foo)",

        // single array item
        { code: "console.info(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["info"] }] },
        { code: "console.warn(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["warn"] }] },
        { code: "console.error(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["error"] }] },
        { code: "console.log(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["log"] }] },

        // multiple array items
        { code: "console.info(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["warn", "info"] }] },
        { code: "console.warn(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["error", "warn"] }] },
        { code: "console.error(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["log", "error"] }] },
        { code: "console.log(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["info", "log", "warn"] }] },

        // https://github.com/eslint/eslint/issues/7010
        "var console = require('myconsole'); console.log(foo)"
    ],

能通过的情况比较容易,我们就直接给代码和选项就好。

然后是无效的:

    invalid: [

        // no options
        { code: "console.log(foo)", errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },
        { code: "console.error(foo)", errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },
        { code: "console.info(foo)", errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },
        { code: "console.warn(foo)", errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },

        //  one option
        { code: "console.log(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["error"] }], errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },
        { code: "console.error(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["warn"] }], errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },
        { code: "console.info(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["log"] }], errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },
        { code: "console.warn(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["error"] }], errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },

        // multiple options
        { code: "console.log(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["warn", "info"] }], errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },
        { code: "console.error(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["warn", "info", "log"] }], errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },
        { code: "console.info(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["warn", "error", "log"] }], errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },
        { code: "console.warn(foo)", options: [{ allow: ["info", "log"] }], errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },

        // In case that implicit global variable of 'console' exists
        { code: "console.log(foo)", env: { node: true }, errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] }
    ]
});

无效的要判断下出错信息是不是符合预期。

我们使用mocha运行下上面的测试脚本:

./node_modules/.bin/mocha tests/lib/rules/no-console.js

运行结果如下:

  no-console
    valid
      ✓ Console.info(foo)
      ✓ console.info(foo)
      ✓ console.warn(foo)
      ✓ console.error(foo)
      ✓ console.log(foo)
      ✓ console.info(foo)
      ✓ console.warn(foo)
      ✓ console.error(foo)
      ✓ console.log(foo)
      ✓ var console = require('myconsole'); console.log(foo)
    invalid
      ✓ console.log(foo)
      ✓ console.error(foo)
      ✓ console.info(foo)
      ✓ console.warn(foo)
      ✓ console.log(foo)
      ✓ console.error(foo)
      ✓ console.info(foo)
      ✓ console.warn(foo)
      ✓ console.log(foo)
      ✓ console.error(foo)
      ✓ console.info(foo)
      ✓ console.warn(foo)
      ✓ console.log(foo)


  23 passing (83ms)

如果在valid里面放一个不能通过的,则会报错,比如我们加一个:

ruleTester.run("no-console", rule, {
    valid: [
        "Console.info(foo)",

        // single array item
        { code: "console.log('Hello,World')", options: [] },

就会报下面的错:

  1 failing

  1) no-console
       valid
         console.log('Hello,World'):

      AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: Should have no errors but had 1: [
  {
    ruleId: 'no-console',
    severity: 1,
    message: 'Unexpected console statement.',
    line: 1,
    column: 1,
    nodeType: 'MemberExpression',
    messageId: 'unexpected',
    endLine: 1,
    endColumn: 12
  }
]
      + expected - actual

      -1
      +0
      
      at testValidTemplate (lib/rule-tester/rule-tester.js:697:20)
      at Context.< anonymous> (lib/rule-tester/rule-tester.js:972:29)
      at processImmediate (node:internal/timers:464:21)

说明我们刚加的console是会报一个messageId为unexpected,而nodeType为MemberExpression的错误。

我们应将其放入到invalid里面:

invalid: [

    // no options
    { code: "console.log('Hello,World')", errors: [{ messageId: "unexpected", type: "MemberExpression" }] },

再运行,就可以成功了:

    invalid
      ✓ console.log('Hello,World')
二 规则入门

会跑测试之后,我们就可以写自己的规则啦。

我们先看下规则的模板,其实主要要提供meta对象和create方法:

module.exports = {
    meta: {
        type: "规则类型,如suggestion",

        docs: {
            description: "规则描述",
            category: "规则分类:如Possible Errors",
            recommended: true,
            url: "说明规则的文档地址,如https://eslint.org/docs/rules/no-extra-semi"
        },
        fixable: "是否可以修复,如code",
        schema: [] // 选项
    },
    create: function(context) {
        return {
            // 事件回调
        };
    }
};

总体来说,一个eslint规则所能做的事情,就是写事件回调函数,在回调函数中使用context中获取的AST等信息进行分析。

context提供的API是比较简洁的:

image.png

代码信息类主要我们使用getScope获取作用域的信息,getAncestors获取上一级AST节点,getDeclaredVariables获取变量表。最后的绝招是直接获取源代码getSourceCode自己分析去。

markVariableAsUsed用于跨文件分析,用于分析变量的使用情况。

report函数用于输出分析结果,比如报错信息、修改建议和自动修复的代码等。

这么说太抽象了,我们来看例子。

还以no-console为例,我们先看meta部分,这部分不涉及逻辑代码,都是一些配置:

    meta: {
        type: "suggestion",

        docs: {
            description: "disallow the use of `console`",
            recommended: false,
            url: "https://eslint.org/docs/rules/no-console"
        },

        schema: [
            {
                type: "object",
                properties: {
                    allow: {
                        type: "array",
                        items: {
                            type: "string"
                        },
                        minItems: 1,
                        uniqueItems: true
                    }
                },
                additionalProperties: false
            }
        ],

        messages: {
            unexpected: "Unexpected console statement."
        }
    },

我们再看no-console的回调函数,只处理一处Program:exit, 这是程序退出的事件:

        return {
            "Program:exit"() {
                const scope = context.getScope();
                const consoleVar = astUtils.getVariableByName(scope, "console");
                const shadowed = consoleVar && consoleVar.defs.length > 0;

                /*
                 * 'scope.through' includes all references to undefined
                 * variables. If the variable 'console' is not defined, it uses
                 * 'scope.through'.
                 */
                const references = consoleVar
                    ? consoleVar.references
                    : scope.through.filter(isConsole);

                if (!shadowed) {
                    references
                        .filter(isMemberAccessExceptAllowed)
                        .forEach(report);
                }
            }
        };

1 获取作用域和AST信息

我们首先通过context.getScope()获取作用域信息。作用域与AST的对应关系如下图:

image.png

我们前面的console语句的例子,首先拿到的都是全局作用域,举例如下:

< ref *1> GlobalScope {
  type: 'global',
  set: Map(38) {
    'Array' => Variable {
      name: 'Array',
      identifiers: [],
      references: [],
      defs: [],
      tainted: false,
      stack: true,
      scope: [Circular *1],
      eslintImplicitGlobalSetting: 'readonly',
      eslintExplicitGlobal: false,
      eslintExplicitGlobalComments: undefined,
      writeable: false
    },
    'Boolean' => Variable {
      name: 'Boolean',
      identifiers: [],
      references: [],
      defs: [],
      tainted: false,
      stack: true,
      scope: [Circular *1],
      eslintImplicitGlobalSetting: 'readonly',
      eslintExplicitGlobal: false,
      eslintExplicitGlobalComments: undefined,
      writeable: false
    },
    'constructor' => Variable {
      name: 'constructor',
      identifiers: [],
      references: [],
      defs: [],
      tainted: false,
      stack: true,
      scope: [Circular *1],
      eslintImplicitGlobalSetting: 'readonly',
      eslintExplicitGlobal: false,
      eslintExplicitGlobalComments: undefined,
      writeable: false
    },
...

具体看一下38个全局变量,复习下Javascript基础吧:

    set: Map(38) {
      'Array' => [Variable],
      'Boolean' => [Variable],
      'constructor' => [Variable],
      'Date' => [Variable],
      'decodeURI' => [Variable],
      'decodeURIComponent' => [Variable],
      'encodeURI' => [Variable],
      'encodeURIComponent' => [Variable],
      'Error' => [Variable],
      'escape' => [Variable],
      'eval' => [Variable],
      'EvalError' => [Variable],
      'Function' => [Variable],
      'hasOwnProperty' => [Variable],
      'Infinity' => [Variable],
      'isFinite' => [Variable],
      'isNaN' => [Variable],
      'isPrototypeOf' => [Variable],
      'JSON' => [Variable],
      'Math' => [Variable],
      'NaN' => [Variable],
      'Number' => [Variable],
      'Object' => [Variable],
      'parseFloat' => [Variable],
      'parseInt' => [Variable],
      'propertyIsEnumerable' => [Variable],
      'RangeError' => [Variable],
      'ReferenceError' => [Variable],
      'RegExp' => [Variable],
      'String' => [Variable],
      'SyntaxError' => [Variable],
      'toLocaleString' => [Variable],
      'toString' => [Variable],
      'TypeError' => [Variable],
      'undefined' => [Variable],
      'unescape' => [Variable],
      'URIError' => [Variable],
      'valueOf' => [Variable]
    },

我们看到,所有的变量,都以一个名为set的Map中,这样我们就可以以遍历获取所有的变量。

针对no-console的规则,我们主要是要查找是否有叫console的变量名。于是可以这么写:

    getVariableByName(initScope, name) {
        let scope = initScope;

        while (scope) {
            const variable = scope.set.get(name);

            if (variable) {
                return variable;
            }

            scope = scope.upper;
        }

        return null;
    },

我们可以在刚才列出的38个变量中发现,console是并没有定义的变量,所以

const consoleVar = astUtils.getVariableByName(scope, "console");

的结果是null.

于是我们要去查找未定义的变量,这部分是在scope.through中,果然找到了name是console的节点:

[
  Reference {
    identifier: Node {
      type: 'Identifier',
      loc: [SourceLocation],
      range: [Array],
      name: 'console',
      parent: [Node]
    },
    from: < ref *2> GlobalScope {
      type: 'global',
      set: [Map],
      taints: Map(0) {},
      dynamic: true,
      block: [Node],
      through: [Circular *1],
      variables: [Array],
      references: [Array],
      variableScope: [Circular *2],
      functionExpressionScope: false,
      directCallToEvalScope: false,
      thisFound: false,
      __left: null,
      upper: null,
      isStrict: false,
      childScopes: [],
      __declaredVariables: [WeakMap],
      implicit: [Object]
    },
    tainted: false,
    resolved: null,
    flag: 1,
    __maybeImplicitGlobal: undefined
  }
]

这样我们就可以写个检查reference的名字是不是console的函数就好:

        function isConsole(reference) {
            const id = reference.identifier;

            return id && id.name === "console";
        }

然后用这个函数去filter scope.though中的所有未定义的变量:

scope.through.filter(isConsole);

最后一步是输出报告,针对过滤出的reference进行报告:

                    references
                        .filter(isMemberAccessExceptAllowed)
                        .forEach(report);

报告问题使用context的report函数:

    function report(reference) {
        const node = reference.identifier.parent;

        context.report({
            node,
            loc: node.loc,
            messageId: "unexpected"
        });
    }

发生问题的代码行数可以从node中获取到。

2 处理特定类型的语句

no-console从规则书写上并不是最容易的,我们以其为例主要是这类问题最多。下面我们举一反三,看看针对其它不应该出现的语句该如何处理。

其中最简单的就是针对一类语句统统报错,比如no-continue规则,就是遇到ContinueStatement就报错:

module.exports = {
    meta: {
        type: "suggestion",

        docs: {
            description: "disallow `continue` statements",
            recommended: false,
            url: "https://eslint.org/docs/rules/no-continue"
        },

        schema: [],

        messages: {
            unexpected: "Unexpected use of continue statement."
        }
    },

    create(context) {

        return {
            ContinueStatement(node) {
                context.report({ node, messageId: "unexpected" });
            }
        };

    }
};

不允许使用debugger的no-debugger规则:

    create(context) {

        return {
            DebuggerStatement(node) {
                context.report({
                    node,
                    messageId: "unexpected"
                });
            }
        };

    }

不许使用with语句:

    create(context) {

        return {
            WithStatement(node) {
                context.report({ node, messageId: "unexpectedWith" });
            }
        };

    }

在case语句中不许定义变量、函数和类:

    create(context) {
        function isLexicalDeclaration(node) {
            switch (node.type) {
                case "FunctionDeclaration":
                case "ClassDeclaration":
                    return true;
                case "VariableDeclaration":
                    return node.kind !== "var";
                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }

        return {
            SwitchCase(node) {
                for (let i = 0; i < node.consequent.length; i++) {
                    const statement = node.consequent[i];

                    if (isLexicalDeclaration(statement)) {
                        context.report({
                            node: statement,
                            messageId: "unexpected"
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
        };

    }

多个类型语句可以共用一个处理函数。

比如不许使用构造方法生成数组:

        function check(node) {
            if (
                node.arguments.length !== 1 &&
                node.callee.type === "Identifier" &&
                node.callee.name === "Array"
            ) {
                context.report({ node, messageId: "preferLiteral" });
            }
        }

        return {
            CallExpression: check,
            NewExpression: check
        };

不许给类定义赋值:

    create(context) {
        function checkVariable(variable) {
            astUtils.getModifyingReferences(variable.references).forEach(reference => {
                context.report({ node: reference.identifier, messageId: "class", data: { name: reference.identifier.name } });

            });
        }

        function checkForClass(node) {
            context.getDeclaredVariables(node).forEach(checkVariable);
        }

        return {
            ClassDeclaration: checkForClass,
            ClassExpression: checkForClass
        };

    }

函数的参数不允许重名:

    create(context) {

        function isParameter(def) {
            return def.type === "Parameter";
        }

        function checkParams(node) {
            const variables = context.getDeclaredVariables(node);

            for (let i = 0; i < variables.length; ++i) {
                const variable = variables[i];

                const defs = variable.defs.filter(isParameter);

                if (defs.length >= 2) {
                    context.report({
                        node,
                        messageId: "unexpected",
                        data: { name: variable.name }
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        return {
            FunctionDeclaration: checkParams,
            FunctionExpression: checkParams
        };

    }

如果事件太多的话,可以写成一个数组,这被称为选择器数组:

const allLoopTypes = ["WhileStatement", "DoWhileStatement", "ForStatement", "ForInStatement", "ForOfStatement"];
...
                        [loopSelector](node) {
                if (currentCodePath.currentSegments.some(segment => segment.reachable)) {
                    loopsToReport.add(node);
                }
            },

除了直接处理语句类型,还可以针对类型加上一些额外的判断。

比如不允许使用delete运算符:

    create(context) {

        return {

            UnaryExpression(node) {
                if (node.operator === "delete" && node.argument.type === "Identifier") {
                    context.report({ node, messageId: "unexpected" });
                }
            }
        };

    }

不准使用"=="和"!="运算符:

    create(context) {

        return {

            BinaryExpression(node) {
                const badOperator = node.operator === "==" || node.operator === "!=";

                if (node.right.type === "Literal" && node.right.raw === "null" && badOperator ||
                        node.left.type === "Literal" && node.left.raw === "null" && badOperator) {
                    context.report({ node, messageId: "unexpected" });
                }
            }
        };

    }

不许和-0进行比较:

    create(context) {

        function isNegZero(node) {
            return node.type === "UnaryExpression" && node.operator === "-" && node.argument.type === "Literal" && node.argument.value === 0;
        }
        const OPERATORS_TO_CHECK = new Set([">", ">=", "            
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